Characterization is a literary element that I often overlook, since it is so prevalent in the majority of writing. It is essentially anything that is in the text or implied by the text that furthers your understanding of a character. This could include background information, a thought, an action, a perception of the character's, a perception of the character itself, and more. Although I often miss characterization as a standalone element, you cannot fail to notice its effects. Without characterization we would all be reading only phone books and science textbooks.